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By L. Ingvar. University of Alabama.

THE MALE AND FEMALE REPRODUCTIVE SYSTEM ✦ 457 Meiosis Spermatic cord Gametes are characterized by having half as many chro- mosomes as are found in any other body cell 2mg risnia visa. During their formation order risnia 2mg overnight delivery, they go through a special process of cell Vein division, called meiosis (mi-O-sis), which halves the Head of Artery number of chromosomes. Lobule ◗ The Male Reproductive System Septum Body of Capsule The male reproductive system, like that of the female, epididymis may be divided into two groups of organs: primary and Seminiferous accessory (see Fig. Specialized interstitial (in-ter-STISH-al) cells that se- crete the male sex hormone testosterone (tes-TOS-teh- The Testes rone) are located between the seminiferous tubules. The gland must descend com- pletely if it is to function normally; to produce spermato- zoa, the testis must be kept at the temperature of the scrotum, which is several degrees lower than that of the abdominal cavity. Primitive cells in the walls of these Primitive Mature Interstitial cells tubules develop into mature spermatozoa, aided by spermatozoa spermatozoa neighboring cells called sustentacular (sus-ten-TAK-u- lar) (Sertoli) cells. In males, these traits in- epididymis (ep-ih-DID-ih-mis), which is 6 meters (20 clude a deeper voice, broader shoulders, narrower hips, feet) long and is located on the surface of the testis inside a greater percentage of muscle tissue, and more body the scrotal sac (see Fig. The secretions in semen serve several functions: ◗ Nourish the spermatozoa Head ◗ Transport the spermatozoa Acrosome ◗ Neutralize the acidity of the male urethra and the fe- Neck male vaginal tract ◗ Lubricate the reproductive tract during sexual inter- Nucleus course ◗ Prevent infection with antibacterial enzymes and anti- Midpiece Mitochondria bodies The glands discussed next contribute secretions to the semen (see Fig. The glandular lining produces a thick, yellow, alka- line secretion containing large quantities of simple sugar and other substances that provide nourishment for the sperm. The thin, alkaline prostatic sum enlarges to form the glans penis, which is covered secretion helps neutralize the acidity of the vaginal tract with a loose fold of skin, the prepuce (PRE-puse), com- and enhance the motility of the spermatozoa. It is the end of the foreskin that prostate gland is also supplied with muscular tissue, is removed in a circumcision (sir-kum-SIZH-un), a sur- which, upon signals from the nervous system, contracts gery frequently performed on male babies for religious or to aid in the expulsion of the semen from the body. Experts disagree on the medical value of circumcision with regard to improved cleanliness and Bulbourethral Glands The bulbourethral (bul-bo-u- disease prevention.

To find out how Bone Markings these markings can be used in healthcare 2mg risnia mastercard, see Box 7-1 cheap risnia 2mg otc, In addition to their general shape, bones have other dis- Landmarking: Seeing With Your Fingers. Box 7-1 Clinical Perspectives Landmarking: Seeing With Your FingersLandmarking: Seeing With Your Fingers ost body structures lie beneath the skin, hidden from below this notch you will feel a bump called the sternal angle. A technique called landmark- This prominence is an important landmark because its loca- ing allows healthcare providers to visualize hidden structures tion marks where the trachea splits to deliver air to both without cutting into the patient. Move your fingers lateral to the sternal angle to palpate marks, can be palpated (felt) beneath the skin to serve as ref- the second ribs, important landmarks for locating the heart erence points for locating other structures. Feel for the most lateral bony prominence of the used during physical examinations and surgeries, when giving shoulder, the acromion process of the scapula (shoulder injections, and for many other clinical procedures. Two to three fingerbreadths down from this point is tip of the sternum, the xiphoid process, is a reference point in the correct injection site into the deltoid muscle of the shoul- the administration of cardiopulmonary resuscitation (CPR). You can feel the joint between the mandible and anterior end of the crest, the anterior superior iliac spine the temporal bone of the skull (the temporomandibular joint, (ASIS). Skull Cranium Cranial bones (8) Chamber enclosing the brain; ◗ The two parietal (pah-RI-eh-tal) houses the ear and forms bones form most of the top and the part of the eye socket side walls of the cranium. Facial portion Facial bones (14) Form the face and chambers ◗ The two temporal bones form part of for sensory organs the sides and some of the base of the Hyoid U-shaped bone under lower skull. Each one contains mastoid si- jaw; used for muscle attachments nuses as well as the ear canal, the Ossicles Ear bones (3) Transmit sound waves in eardrum, and the entire middle and in- inner ear ternal portions of the ear. The mastoid Trunk process of the temporal bone projects Vertebral column Vertebrae (26) Encloses the spinal cord downward immediately behind the ex- Thorax Sternum Anterior bone of the thorax Ribs (12 pair) Enclose the organs of the ternal part of the ear. Skeleton ◗ The ethmoid (ETH-moyd) bone is a Upper division light, fragile bone located between Shoulder girdle Clavicle Anterior; between sternum the eyes (see Fig.

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During this period the monkey could not predict the type of movement (bimanual or unimanual) or its direction cheap risnia 2 mg on-line. Copyright © 2005 CRC Press LLC 2 discount risnia 2 mg without a prescription. The correlation during a given type of movement was calculated for a time window of 1250 msec, from 250 msec before until 1000 msec after movement onset, an interval that included movement preparation and execution. The resulting correlogram may be affected both by similar evoked responses (similar mEPs) and by possible trial-wise interactions between the single trial signals. A typical way of distinguishing between these two features is to calculate a “shift predictor” to approximate the correlation between the averages, and then subtract it from the correlograms to estimate the “pure” trial-wise correlation. Examples for such correlograms, obtained from the hold period and from the movement period (during performance of bimanual trials) are shown in Figure 4. On the diagonal of each plot are the autocorrelograms of the LFPs in each of the sites. Straight horizontal lines indicate a confidence limit for significant correlations based on the standard deviation of the shift predictor. Note that the correlations between the hemispheres are much smaller than those within the same hemisphere. As for the correlations within each hemisphere, note that there are clear correlation patterns. Oscillations are in the gamma range in the right hemisphere and in the alpha range in the left hemisphere. However, there are no differences between corresponding correlograms in the different behavioral conditions (A and B). This is in agreement with EEG studies, which have reported only weak interhemispheric correlations. Second, the LFP correlations may show distinct and different correlation pat- terns. Third, in spite of the clear correlations, the vast majority of the time-averaged correlations were not influenced by behavior, such as the example in Figure 4. The result is a matrix of N × N bins constituting all possible time delays between LFP1 and LFP2.

Heart rate Contractility Absorption risnia 2mg on line, Metabolism purchase 2mg risnia with mastercard, and Excretion Nitroglycerin is a lipid-soluble substance that is rapidly ischemic areas has been documented in experimental an- absorbed across the sublingual or buccal mucosa. Its on- imals following nifedipine (Adalat, Procardia), diltiazem set of action occurs within 2 to 5 minutes, with maximal (Cardizem),verapamil (Calan), amlodipine (Norvasc), ni- effects observed at 3 to 10 minutes. Little residual activ- troglycerin (Nitrostat, Tridil, Nitro-Dur), or propranolol ity remains 20 to 30 minutes after sublingual adminis- (Inderal) administration. The plasma half-life of nitroglycerin, given ischemic areas also have been observed in experimental animals and humans after treatment with certain calcium entry blockers and organic nitrates. Nitroglycerin, When coronary vasospasm occurs, the balance be- Organic Nitrates tween oxygen supply and demand can be restored by re- lieving the spasm, thereby restoring normal coronary Extracellular N blood flow. In contrast, cal- cium entry blockers and long-acting nitrates have proved Membrane SH SH effective in the chronic therapy of coronary vasospasm. Cysteine Intracellular SPECIFIC ANTIANGINAL DRUGS S-Nitrosothiol, NO Organic Nitrates Soluble Guanylate Cyclase Organic nitrates have been used in the therapy of angina pectoris routinely for more than 140 years, and their use is increasingly favored in a variety of other Cyclic GMP cardiac conditions, such as decompensated congestive heart failure and acute myocardial infarction. Other common Ca organic nitrates are isosorbide mononitrate (Ismo), isosorbide dinitrate (Isordil, Sorbitrate) and pentaery- thritol tetranitrate (Peritrate). With the exception of ni- Vascular Smooth Muscle Relaxation troglycerin, which is a liquid having a high vapor pres- sure, these compounds are solid at room temperature. Proposed mechanism by which nitroglycerin and the organic nitrates produce relaxation in vascular smooth muscle. Mechanism of Vasodilator Action Nitrates induce endothelial cells to release NO or a nitrosothiol (endothelium-derived releasing factor, or EDRF). The mechanism of action of nitroglycerin and other or- EDRF activates the enzyme guanylate cyclase, which causes ganic nitrates is thought to involve an interaction with the generation of cyclic guanosine monophosphate (GMP), nitrate receptors that are present in vascular smooth producing a decrease in cytosolic free calcium.