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Patients with CHARGE syn- Diagnosis drome who have both hearing and vision difficulty should receive care from childhood educators experi- Since there is currently no genetic test available for enced in dual sensory impairment buy generic mobic 7,5 mg on-line. Once these children CHARGE syndrome mobic 7,5 mg online, the diagnosis is based on clinical establish a system of mobility and communication, the features. There is disagreement about the conditions degree of developmental retardation may improve. Some suggest that one major mal- Lengthy hospital stays for children with CHARGE syn- formation plus four of the other features suggested by the drome may limit the ability of specialists to work with CHARGE acronym are sufficient. Once major hospitaliza- four major characteristics or three major characteristics tions are completed, development may improve as the plus three minor characteristics are sufficient for result of regular care by the appropriate child specialists. Other learning problems have been noted and should also The Charge Syndrome Foundation defines a specific be addressed if present. These include attention deficit set of birth defects and most common features to diag- disorder, autism, and obsessive-compulsive disorder. These major features include: Parents are often in the position of coordinating the many choanal atresia, coloboma, cranial nerve abnormalities components of special education for their children. The and conditions, such as swallowing problems (due to cra- national and international support groups for CHARGE nial nerve IX/X defects), facial palsy (due to cranial syndrome are able to provide information and assistance nerve VII defects), hearing loss (due to cranial nerve VIII in this area. Prognosis Other minor features have also been reported that are It has been noted in several studies that about half of either less common or less specific to CHARGE syn- patients diagnosed with CHARGE syndrome die from drome. One study suggests that and/or palate, tracheoesophageal fistula and facial 40% of those die after birth. Heart abnormalities and brain stem dysfunctions when a prenatal ultrasound reveals fetal growth restric- were not found to be related to poor prognosis.

Montgomery order 7,5 mg mobic amex, Manager order mobic 15mg fast delivery, Data Capture Printed in the United States of America Gwendolyn S. Tucker, Project Administrator Beverly Jendrowski, Data Capture Specialist Indexing provided by: Synapse. Illustrations created by: Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data Argosy, West Newton, Massachusetts The Gale encyclopedia of genetic disorders / Stacey L. Readers product to be comprehensive, but not necessarily defini- should be aware that the universe of medical knowledge is tive. It is intended to supplement, not replace, consultation constantly growing and changing, and that differences of with a physician or other health care practitioner. They are also Gale Group has made substantial efforts to provide infor- advised to seek professional diagnosis and treatment for mation that is accurate, comprehensive, and up-to-date, any medical condition, and to discuss information the Gale Group makes no representations or warranties of obtained from this book with their health care provider. GALE ENCYCLOPEDIA OF GENETIC DISORDERS vii INTRODUCTION The Gale Encyclopedia of Genetic Disorders is a made up of seven medical and genetic experts, evaluated unique and invaluable source for information regarding the topics and made suggestions for inclusion. This collec- selection of topics to include was made by the advisory tion of nearly 400 entries provides in-depth coverage of board in conjunction with Gale Group editors. In addition, several non-disorder entries have ABOUT THE CONTRIBUTORS been included to facilitate understanding of common genetic concepts and practices such as Chromosomes, The essays were compiled by experienced medical Genetic counseling, and Genetic testing. The advisors reviewed This encyclopedia avoids medical jargon and uses the completed essays to insure they are appropriate, up- language that laypersons can understand, while still pro- to-date, and medically accurate. The Gale Encyclopedia of Genetic Disorders fills a gap between HOW TO USE THIS BOOK basic consumer health resources, such as single-volume The Gale Encyclopedia of Genetic Disorders has family medical guides, and highly technical professional been designed with ready reference in mind. Additional terms • Signs and symptoms may be found in the glossary at the back of volume 2. The • Resources appendix contains an extensive list of organizations arranged in alphabetical order. INCLUSION CRITERIA A preliminary list of diseases and disorders was GRAPHICS compiled from a wide variety of sources, including pro- fessional medical guides and textbooks, as well as con- The Gale Encyclopedia of Genetic Disorders con- sumer guides and encyclopedias.

GALE ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ALTERNATIVE MEDICINE 2 1285 enzymes made from manganese is called superoxide dis- KEY TERMS mutase (SOD) purchase mobic 15 mg amex, an antioxidant facilitator purchase mobic 15 mg without prescription. Man- ganese may also have some anticancer activity as well as Cytokines—Chemicals made by T cells that act on a number of other important functions. One recent study of dietary supple- mentation with manganese and other micronutrients in Paula Ford-Martin Mexican infants found that children who received the supplements grew faster and taller than a control group Malignant melanoma see Skin cancer given a placebo. The authors concluded that growth re- tardation in children in developing countries is linked to Mandarin orange peel see Tangerine peel manganese and other micronutrient deficiencies in the diet, among other factors. General use Manganese While considered necessary for general good health, manganese is also used for specific health concerns. Be- Description cause of its role in maintaining strong bones, the mineral Not to be confused with magnesium, manganese is in combination with other trace minerals has been sug- a trace mineral used by some people to help prevent gested as a possible treatment for osteoporosis. Man- bone loss and alleviate the bothersome symptoms associ- ganese may also help to ease symptoms associated with ated with premenstrual syndrome (PMS). They usually act as coenzymes, examined in a double-blind, placebo-controlled trial pub- working as a team with proteins to facilitate important lished in the Journal of Nutrition in 1994, which studied chemical reactions. Even without taking manganese sup- the effects of minerals on preventing bone loss in 59 post- plements, people with an average diet consume some- menopausal women in good health. The women were di- where between 2 and 3 mg of the mineral through food vided into several groups. While most authorities agree that manganese bos, while others received calcium alone, trace minerals, is a vital micronutrient, it is not known for certain if tak- or a combination of calcium and trace minerals. The trace ing extra amounts can be helpful in treating osteoporo- minerals included manganese (5 mg a day), zinc (15 mg a sis, menstrual symptoms, or other problems. The study, which was Manganese, which is concentrated mainly in the conducted over a period of two years, found that calcium liver, skeleton, pancreas, and brain, is considered impor- plus trace minerals was most effective in preventing bone tant because it is used to make several key enzymes in loss in the spine. This study shows the importance of taking calcium 1286 GALE ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ALTERNATIVE MEDICINE 2 with these trace minerals in order to keep bones strong.