By G. Esiel. University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign. 2017.

A 71-year-old morbidly obese man is brought to the emergency problems are on the same side of his body order 5 mg altace amex. The son reports that the man complained lesion in the anterior lobe of the cerebellum 1,25 mg altace fast delivery. Which of the fol- of a sudden excruciating headache and then became stuporous. The MRI of a 49-year-old woman with a brain tumor shows ton- sillar herniation. Which of the following cranial nerves exits the brainstem via the lowing portions of the brainstem would be most adversely affected preolivary sulcus? A 4-year-old boy is brought to the emergency department by his neck, and stupor. A lumbar puncture reveals cloudy cerebrospinal mother who explains that the boy fell off a porch onto a concrete fluid from which organisms are cultured. The examination reveals that the boy has a parietal scalp represents the most frequently seen organisms in cases of adult laceration, is stuporous, and has reactive pupils. Which of the following cranial nerves exits the posterior (dorsal) (E) PET (Positron Emission Tomography) aspect of the brainstem? A sagittal MRI of a 52-year-old man clearly shows a small tumor (B) Hypoglossal (XII) in the area of the long and short gyri. These gyri are characteristi- (C) Trigeminal (V) cally found in which of the following lobes? Which of the following cranial nerves passes between the poste- (D) Occipital rior cerebral artery and the superior cerebellar artery as it exits the (E) Parietal brainstem? A lesion involving the root of which of the following nerves would (B) Oculomotor most likely have an effect on the gag reflex? Answer B: Numbness on the face, resulting from a lesion in the the plane of the scan is at the midline.

Only In describing genotypes altace 2,5 mg mastercard, it is traditional to use letter symbols two phenotypes are possible order 2,5 mg altace with visa, however, because the dominant al- to refer to the alleles of an organism. The dominant alleles are sym- lele is expressed in both the homozygous dominant (EE) and bolized by uppercase letters, and the recessive alleles are symbolized the heterozygous (Ee) individuals. Thus, the genotype of a person who is homozygous for pressed only in the homozygous recessive (ee) condition. Refer to free earlobes as a result of a dominant allele is symbolized EE; a figure 22. In both of these instances, the trait may be expressed in a child of parents who are heterozygous. Developmental © The McGraw−Hill Anatomy, Sixth Edition Development Anatomy, Postnatal Companies, 2001 Growth, and Inheritance 784 Unit 7 Reproduction and Development Phenotypes of the parents dark hair dark hair free free earlobes earlobes FIGURE 22. Any of the combinations of genes that have a D and chart, and the female gametes (ova) at the top, as in figure 22. Three of the possible combinations The four spaces on the chart represent the possible combinations have two alleles for attached earlobes (ee) and at least one allele for of male and female gametes that could form zygotes. Three of the combina- bility of an offspring having a particular genotype is 1 in 4 (. These are indicated with a for homozygous dominant and homozygous recessive and 1 in 2 square (I). The remaining possibility has the genotype eedd for at- tached earlobes and light hair. Normal color vision (designated C) are followed from parents to offspring is referred to as a dihybrid dominates. The term hybrid refers to an offspring de- depends entirely on the X chromosomes. The genotype possibili- scended from parents who have different genotypes. The al- C c X X Normal female carrying the recessive allele lele for red-green color blindness, for example, is determined by a c c X X Color-blind female In order for a female to be red-green color-blind, she must have the recessive allele on both of her X chromosomes.

In any case cheap altace 10 mg with visa, the development of in vivo microdialysis means that changes in the concentration of extracellular 5-HT can now be monitored directly which proven 2,5 mg altace, under drug- free conditions, provides a far more reliable indication of any changes in the rate of release of 5-HT. RECEPTORS Over the last 20 years, the development of receptor-selective ligands, coupled with advances in molecular biology, has resulted in the number of 5-HT receptors increasing from a modest two (identified by Gaddum and Picarelli in 1957) to the 14 recognised to date (Table 9. These form seven distinct families which, with the exception of the 5-HT3 receptor, are all G protein-coupled with seven transmembrane-spanning domains. Apart from 5-ht1E, 5-ht1F, 5-ht5 and 5-ht6 subtypes, for which genes have been identified, even though the native receptor protein remains elusive (hence their lower- case nomenclature), all are expressed in the CNS. All the native 5-HT receptors characterised so far are found postsynaptically, with respect to 5-HT terminals, and some are located presynaptically where they regulate the firing rate of 5-HT neurons and/or release of transmitter from their terminals. There is also evidence that some regulate the release of other transmitters in the terminal field and so could act as 5-HT heteroceptors. For instance, 5-HT1B receptor agonists inhibit K‡-evoked release from synaptosomes preloaded with either [3H]dopamine, [3H]nor- adrenaline, [3H]prolactin or [3H]glutamate. Apart from regulating neuronal firing and transmitter release, activation of certain 5-HT receptors with selective ligands causes specific behavioural or physiological changes (Table 9. There is also some evidence that 5-HT1A receptors, at least, might influence gene expression and neurogenesis and so they could have far-reaching effects on brain function. Essential features of the different receptor subtypes are highlighted here and, except where indicated, references to specific points can be found in the definitive review of this subject by Barnes and Sharp (1999). They are negatively coupled, via Gi/o/z proteins, to adenylyl cyclase such that their activation reduces production of cAMP. In turn, this leads to an increase in K‡ conductance and hyperpolarisation of 198 NEUROTRANSMITTERS, DRUGS AND BRAIN FUNCTION 5-HYDROXYTRYPTAMINE 199 Table 9. The importance of this action, as a possible explanation for the delay in the therapeutic effects of those antidepressants that increase the concentration of extracellular 5-HT, is discussed in Chapter 20.

Sensory Organs © The McGraw−Hill Anatomy altace 1,25 mg without a prescription, Sixth Edition Coordination Companies purchase altace 2,5mg with mastercard, 2001 536 Unit 5 Integration and Coordination 12. How would you account for the high Why is it usually successful in treating success rate of corneal transplants as children who suffer recurring middle-ear Critical-Thinking Questions compared to other types of tissue infections? Explain the phenomenon called sensory transplantations from one person to a child still experience the discomfort of adaptation. People with conduction deafness often an oil can—one across from the other—as It’s causing you great discomfort, and speak quietly. You’re also perceptive deafness tend to speak in tones worried that it might be displaced into Visit our Online Learning Center at http://www. Circulatory System © The McGraw−Hill Anatomy, Sixth Edition Body Companies, 2001 Circulatory System 16 Functions and Major Components of the Circulatory System 538 Blood 540 Heart 545 Blood Vessels 555 Principal Arteries of the Body 559 Principal Veins of the Body 571 Fetal Circulation 580 Lymphatic System 582 CLINICAL CONSIDERATIONS 587 Developmental Exposition: The Circulatory System 588 Clinical Case Study Answer 598 Chapter Summary 599 Review Activities 600 Clinical Case Study A 65-year-old woman who had been discharged from the hospital following a myocardial in- farction (heart attack) returned to the emergency room several weeks later because of the sud- den onset of pain in her right lower extremity. The attending physician noticed that the patient’s leg was also pale and cool from the knee down. Furthermore, he was unable to detect a pulse over the dorsal pedal and popliteal arteries. Upon questioning, the patient stated that she was sent home with blood-thinning medication because tests had revealed that the heart attack had caused a blood clot to form within her heart. The doctors were worried, she added, that “a piece of the clot could break off and go to other parts of the body. In which side of her heart (right or left) did the previously diagnosed blood clot most likely reside? Explain anatomically where the cause of her new problem is located and describe how it came to arrive there. FIGURE: Observation and palpation are important diagnostic tools used to assess vascular problems. Blockage of blood flow may have serious consequences downstream from the point of occlusion. Circulatory System © The McGraw−Hill Anatomy, Sixth Edition Body Companies, 2001 538 Unit 6 Maintenance of the Body The blood contained within vessels serves this trans- FUNCTIONS AND MAJOR portation function.

A photomicrograph of the tissue is shown in (b) and a labeled diagram in (c) cheap altace 2,5mg on line. In calcium deficiency diseases order altace 1,25 mg without prescription, such as rickets, the bone tissue becomes pliable and bends under the weight of the body (see fig. Based on porosity, bone tissue is classified as either com- pact or spongy, and most bones have both types (fig. Com- pact (dense) bone tissue constitutes the hard outer portion of a bone, and spongy (cancellous) bone tissue constitutes the porous, highly vascular inner portion. The outer surface of a bone is cov- ered by a connective tissue layer called the periosteum that serves as a site of attachment for ligaments and tendons, provides pro- tection, and gives durable strength to the bone. Spongy bone tis- sue makes the bone lighter and provides a space for red bone marrow, where blood cells are produced. In compact bone tissue, mature bone cells, called osteocytes, are arranged in concentric layers around a central FIGURE 4. Histology © The McGraw−Hill Anatomy, Sixth Edition of the Body Companies, 2001 98 Unit 3 Microscopic Structure of the Body (b) Lamellae Central canal (a) Osteocyte within a lacuna Canaliculi (c) FIGURE 4. An injury to a portion of the body may stimulate tissue repair Each osteocyte occupies a cavity called a lacuna. A minor scrape or cut results in platelet and plasma activity of the exposed blood and each lacuna are numerous minute canals, or canaliculi, which the formation of a scab. The epidermis of the skin regenerates be- traverse the dense matrix of the bone tissue to adjacent lacunae. A severe open wound heals through connective tis- Nutrients diffuse through the canaliculi to reach each osteocyte.